Dataset and interview transcripts from a survey of small-scale sugarcane growers in Nkomazi, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, undertaken in 2013. The dataset includes 106 variables for 104 growers. Land reform remains a key element in efforts to redress South Africa’s legacy of historic injustice, but is an arena of intense debate about the impact of farming scale on agricultural productivity and rural incomes. This research undertook a study of sugar farms in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, where, following land reform, black-owned agriculture operates on both small- and large-scale production units. The research collected and analysed new data using farm surveys and interviews with farm owners and employees, as well as analyzing existing data. The three-year project used a range of criteria of ‘farm viability’ to assess: the productivity of land, water, labour and capital at different farm scales; the impact of income from different scales of farming on livelihoods and well being among rural communities; and the effects of sugar farming on political and institutional relations within rural communities, particularly with respect to conflict and cohesion over natural resource use. While the main policy lessons from this research will focus on the South African land and agriculture context, the research will also seek to identify lessons for policy on foreign financial investment in farmland in sub-Saharan Africa.

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