Ofqual data includes information on each GCSE and A level qualification as provided by awarding organisations and taken by pupils in England, regardless of their age. The backbone of this data is the "summer awarding" data that is collected for each qualification taken by pupils prior to grades being issued to centres and students in August each year. The Ofqual data will also include the grade awarded to pupils who asked for a review of marking and moderation. The qualifications dataset includes detailed information on the qualifications taken , as well as granular data on pupils' attainment. Information about pupils, such as gender and age, is also contained in this dataset. For 2020, given that exams were cancelled and alternative approaches to grading taken, each entry was associated with a centre assessment grade and calculated grade, which were used to determine the awarded grade. These alternative grading approaches is also included, along with details of pupils' prior attainment: an indicator of Key Stage 2 attainment for GCSE pupils, indicators of GCSE attainment for A level students. In addition to the qualifications dataset, Ofqual data features two more data tables: a centres dataset with key information on the school or college attended (type and geographical location), a grade boundaries dataset which allows to interpret the marks in the main qualifications dataset. UCAS data is based on the information gathered to operate the university admissions process. This includes data submitted by applicants to the UCAS undergraduate scheme and by the HE institution receiving prospective students' applications. UCAS data features three main data tables. The applicant dataset contains information on applicants to the UCAS undergraduate scheme. For each applicant, this dataset includes data on demographic characteristics (eg gender, age, geographical region) and socioeconomic characteristics (eg ethnicity, socio-economic background, deprivation index). The apply qualifications dataset is at qualification level and contains information on qualifications declared by the applicant during their application. Crucially, this includes the A level grades predicted by teachers. The applications dataset contains the data included in the application made by each applicant, the offer made by each HE provider and the response from the applicant. This allows researchers to have access to a wealth of data, including: the applications that did not receive an offer, if an offer was received which kind of offer (eg unconditional, conditional) was made, whether each offer was accepted as a firm or insurance offer.